Groupthink

In 1951, psychologist Solomon Asch invited college students to participate in a “vision test.” The task was absurdly simple: look at a line, then choose which of three comparison lines matched its length. The answer was obvious. A child could do it. There was no trick, no optical illusion. Asch showed this card to the group: Reference Line: | Comparison Lines: A: | B: ||||| C: || The answer is clearly A. Anyone with working eyes can see it. ...

In April 1961, just three months into his presidency, John F. Kennedy approved one of the most catastrophic military operations in U.S. history. 1,400 Cuban exiles, trained and equipped by the CIA, would invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. They would spark a popular uprising, overthrow Fidel Castro, and install a democratic government. That was the plan. The reality? The invasion failed within 72 hours. Most of the brigade was killed or captured. No uprising occurred. The U.S. was humiliated internationally. Castro’s regime was strengthened, not weakened. ...

In April 1967, a high school history teacher in Palo Alto, California, faced a difficult question from his students: “How could the German people claim they didn’t know about the Holocaust?” Ron Jones didn’t have a good answer. So he decided to show them. What started as a simple classroom demonstration became a terrifying social experiment. In just five days, Jones created a fascist movement so powerful that students were willing to betray their friends, enforce strict rules, and commit acts of violence-all in the name of the group. ...

It’s a hot summer afternoon in Coleman, Texas. A family is relaxing on the porch, playing dominoes and enjoying the fan. The father-in-law says, “Let’s drive to Abilene for dinner.” Nobody really wants to go. It’s 53 miles away in 104°F heat, in a car without air conditioning. But nobody speaks up. The wife says, “Sounds good to me.” The husband, not wanting to disappoint, says, “Sure, I’m in.” The mother-in-law agrees. ...

On January 28, 1986, millions of Americans watched the Space Shuttle Challenger lift off from Kennedy Space Center. Among the seven crew members was Christa McAuliffe, a high school teacher chosen to be the first civilian in space. Students across America watched live from their classrooms, excited to see their teacher reach the stars. Seventy-three seconds into the flight, Challenger exploded. All seven crew members died instantly. The nation was devastated. ...

We were going to launch the feature on Tuesday. Everyone on the team knew it wasn’t ready. The code was buggy. The UX was confusing. We hadn’t tested the edge cases. One of our engineers literally said in standup, “I’m not sure this is going to work well,” but immediately followed it with, “but I guess everyone else thinks it’s fine.” The PM wanted to hit the deadline. The CEO was excited about the demo. The team had momentum. So we all nodded along. ...